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`sync.WaitGroup` is a counter-based synchronization primitive used to wait for a set of goroutines to finish.

• Start N goroutines and wait until all of them are done.
• Coordinate parallel tasks (fan-out) and join results (fan-in).

• You want to block until all spawned goroutines complete.
• You do NOT need cancellation/timeouts (if you do, combine with `context`).

package main
 
import (
    "fmt"
    "sync"
)
 
func main() {
    var wg sync.WaitGroup
 
    for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
        wg.Add(1)
        go func(id int) {
            defer wg.Done()
            fmt.Println("worker:", id)
        }(i)
    }
 
    wg.Wait()
    fmt.Println("all done")
}

• Call `Add(n)` before starting goroutines (common best practice).
• Each goroutine must call `Done()` exactly once.
• Do NOT copy a `WaitGroup` after first use.
• Avoid calling `Add()` concurrently with `Wait()` unless you really know what you’re doing.

• Goroutine
• context.Context
• errgroup

• counter /ˈkaʊntər/: bộ đếm
• coordinate /koʊˈɔːrdɪneɪt/: điều phối
• fan-out /ˈfæn aʊt/: tỏa ra nhiều nhánh xử lý
• fan-in /ˈfæn ɪn/: gom nhiều nhánh về một
• cancellation /ˌkænsəˈleɪʃən/: huỷ