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Error wrapping means adding context to an error while keeping the original error inside it.

In Go, `fmt.Errorf` supports wrapping using `%w`:

fmt.Errorf("doing X: %w", err)

• Add helpful context at each layer (repo → usecase → handler).
• Preserve the root cause so callers can detect it with `errors.Is/As`.

if err := dbCall(); err != nil {
    return fmt.Errorf("update user: %w", err)
}

• Use `%w` only once in a single `fmt.Errorf` call.
• Use `%v` if you only want formatting without wrapping.
• Wrapping enables `errors.Is` and `errors.As` to work through layers.

In `fmt.Errorf`, you can use:

• `%w` to wrap an error (keeps the original error inside)
• `%v` to format an error (string formatting only; does NOT wrap)

• `%w` enables `errors.Is` / `errors.As` to find the root cause through wrapped layers.
• `%v` only prints the error message; `errors.Is` will not match the original error.

package main
 
import (
    "errors"
    "fmt"
)
 
var ErrNotFound = errors.New("not found")
 
func repo() error {
    return ErrNotFound
}
 
// Wrap with %w (keeps original error)
func usecaseWrap() error {
    if err := repo(); err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("usecase (wrap): %w", err)
    }
    return nil
}
 
// Format only with %v (does NOT wrap)
func usecaseFormatOnly() error {
    if err := repo(); err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("usecase (format only): %v", err)
    }
    return nil
}
 
func main() {
    errW := usecaseWrap()
    errV := usecaseFormatOnly()
 
    fmt.Println("== %w ==")
    fmt.Println("Error:", errW)
    fmt.Println("errors.Is(errW, ErrNotFound):", errors.Is(errW, ErrNotFound))
 
    fmt.Println("\n== %v ==")
    fmt.Println("Error:", errV)
    fmt.Println("errors.Is(errV, ErrNotFound):", errors.Is(errV, ErrNotFound))
}

== %w ==
Error: usecase (wrap): not found
errors.Is(errW, ErrNotFound): true

== %v ==
Error: usecase (format only): not found
errors.Is(errV, ErrNotFound): false

• Use `%w` when you want callers to detect the original error using `errors.Is/As`.
• Use `%v` when you only want a formatted message and do not need error matching.

• Error wrapping (%w)
• errors.Is / errors.As
• Sentinel errors

• wrap /ræp/: bọc
• format /ˈfɔːrmæt/: định dạng
• root cause /ruːt kɔːz/: nguyên nhân gốc
• detect /dɪˈtekt/: phát hiện/nhận biết
• matching /ˈmætʃɪŋ/: so khớp
• preserve /prɪˈzɝːv/: giữ lại
• layer /ˈleɪər/: tầng