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Error wrapping means adding context to an error while keeping the original error inside it.

In Go, `fmt.Errorf` supports wrapping using `%w`:

fmt.Errorf("doing X: %w", err)

• Add helpful context at each layer (repo → usecase → handler).
• Preserve the root cause so callers can detect it with `errors.Is/As`.

if err := dbCall(); err != nil {
    return fmt.Errorf("update user: %w", err)
}

• Use `%w` only once in a single `fmt.Errorf` call.
• Use `%v` if you only want formatting without wrapping.
• Wrapping enables `errors.Is` and `errors.As` to work through layers.

• wrap /ræp/: bọc
• preserve /prɪˈzɝːv/: giữ lại
• root cause /ruːt kɔːz/: nguyên nhân gốc
• layer /ˈleɪər/: tầng